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Capital punishment in Canada dates back to 1759, in its days as a British colony. Before Canada eliminated the death penalty for murder on July 14, 1976, 1,481 people had been sentenced to death, and 710 had been executed. Of those executed, 697 were men and 13 were women. The only method used in Canada for capital punishment of civilians after the end of the French regime was hanging. The last execution in Canada was the double hanging of Arthur Lucas and Ronald Turpin on December 11, 1962, at Toronto's Don Jail. On June 30, 1987, a bill to restore the death penalty was defeated by the House of Commons in a 148–127 vote, in which Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, Minister of Justice Ray Hnatyshyn, and Minister of External Affairs Joe Clark opposed the bill, whereas Deputy Prime Minister Donald Mazankowski and a majority of Progressive Conservative MPs supported it.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CBC Archives )〕〔http://www.ccadp.org/deathpenalty-canada.htm〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Majority of Canadians support return of death penalty, poll finds )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Canada Considers Restoring Death Penalty )〕 ==History== In 1749, Peter Cartcel, a sailor aboard a ship in the Halifax harbour, stabbed Abraham Goodsides to death and wounded two other men. He was brought before a Captain's Court where he was found guilty and sentenced to death. Two days later he was hanged from the yardarm of the vessel as a deterrent to others.〔Allyson N. May and Jim Phillips, "Homicides in Nova Scotia, 1749–1815", in Crime and Deviance in Canada: Historical Perspectives, ed. Chris McCormick and Len Green. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2005), 87.〕 This is one of the earliest records of capital punishment in English speaking Canada. It is difficult to accurately state numbers of capital punishment since there were no systematic efforts to accurately record names, dates, and locations of executions until after 1867, and many records have been lost because of fires, floods, or decay.〔Frank W. Anderson, ''A Concise History of Capital Punishment in Canada''. (Calgary: Frontier Publishing, 1973), 5.〕 After Confederation, a revision of the statutes reduced the number of offences punishable by death to three: murder, rape, and treason. In 1868, Parliament also stated that the location of the execution was to be within the confines of the prison instead of public hangings.〔Carolyn Strange, "Capital Punishment" in ''The Oxford Companion to Canadian History'', Vol. 1, ed. Gerald Hallowell (Toronto: University of Oxford Press Canada, 2004), 115.〕 By the 1870s, the jails had begun to build the gallows five feet from the ground with a pit underneath instead of the previous high scaffold, the platform of which was level with the prison wall.〔Anderson, ''Concise History'', 27–29.〕 In 1950, an attempt was made to abolish capital punishment. Mr. W. Ross Thatcher, at that time a Cooperative Commonwealth Federation Member of Parliament, moved Bill No. 2 in order to amend the Criminal Code to abolish the death penalty. Thatcher later withdrew it for fear of Bill No. 2 not generating positive discussion and further harming the chances of abolition. In 1956, the Joint Committee of the House and Senate recommended the retention of capital punishment as the mandatory punishment for murder, which opened the door to the possibility of abolition〔C.H.S. Jayewardene, ''The Penalty of Death'' (Toronto: D.C. Heath, 1977, 2).〕 In 1961, legislation was introduced to reclassify murder into capital or non-capital offences. A capital murder involved a planned or deliberate murder, murder during violent crimes, or the murder of a police officer or prison guard. Only capital murder carried the death sentence.〔David B. Chandler, ''Capital Punishment in Canada'' (Ottawa: McCelland and Stewart Limited, 1976), 13.〕 Following the success of Lester Pearson and the Liberal Party in the 1963 federal election, and through the successive governments of Pierre Trudeau, the federal cabinet commuted all death sentences as a matter of policy. Hence, the ''de facto'' abolition of the death penalty in Canada occurred in 1963. On November 30, 1967, Bill C-168 was passed creating a five-year moratorium on the use of the death penalty, except for murders of police and corrections officers. On January 26, 1973, after the expiration of the five-year experiment, the Solicitor General of Canada continued the partial ban on capital punishment, which would eventually lead to the abolition of capital punishment.〔Chandler, ''Capital Punishment'', 14.〕 On July 14, 1976, Bill C-84 was passed by a narrow margin of 130:124 in a free vote, resulting in the ''de jure'' abolition of the death penalty, except for certain offences under the National Defence Act. These were removed in 1998.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/LegislativeSummaries/bills_ls.asp?ls=C25&Parl=36&Ses=1#1) Abolition of the Death Penalty-text )〕 First-degree murder, which before abolition was the offence of capital murder, now carries a mandatory life sentence without eligibility for parole until the person has served 25 years of the sentence. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Capital punishment in Canada」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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